Human Achievements

People have changed the world in many ways. We have built cities, roads, bridges, and schools. We have written books, made music, and created great works of art.

We have studied the sea, the air, animals, plants, and the stars. We have made medicines that have saved many lives. We have invented planes, computers, and the internet.

We have travelled across deserts, oceans, and mountains. We have been to the moon, and we have sent machines to Mars. We haven’t been to Jupiter. We have learned many things about our planet and about space.

We have done amazing things together, but we still have many problems in our world. We still haven’t learnt how to live in peace.

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Use	Structure	Example
Positive	subject + have/has + past participle	I have visited London.
Negative	subject + have/has not + past participle	She has not finished her work.
Question	Have/Has + subject + past participle?	Have you seen this film?

Subject	Auxiliary	Example
I / You / We / They	have	We have travelled a lot.
He / She / It	has	He has written a book.

Person	Example
I	I have visited many cities.
You	You have learned a lot this year.
We	We have studied English together.
They	They have built a new bridge.
He	He has finished his project.
She	She has travelled by plane.
It	It has become very popular.

Subject	Positive	Negative
He	He has visited Rome.	He has not visited Rome.
She	She has finished the book.	She has not finished the book.
It	It has stopped raining.	It has not stopped raining.

Type	Example
Yes / No	Have you been to London?
Yes / No	Has she finished her story?
Yes / No	Have they seen this video?
Wh- question	Where have you been?
Wh- question	What has he done?
Wh- question	Why have they left early?

Question	Short answer
Have you finished?	Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Has she called?	Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
Have they arrived?	Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.

Form	Meaning	Example
I have been to…	I went there and came back.	I have been to Paris twice.
I have gone to…	I went there and I am still there / not here now.	Tom has gone to the shop.

Compare

• She has been to Italy. = She visited Italy in the past, and now she is back.
• She has gone to Italy. = She is in Italy now, or she is on the way there.

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1. Where have you travelled in your life?
2. Have you eaten fish today?
3. What interesting places have you visited?
4. Have you ever met a famous person?
5. How many times have you flown on a plane?
6. What new food have you tried recently?
7. Have you ever lost something important?
8. What films have you seen this month?
9. Have you learnt anything new this year?
10. Have you ever done something brave?

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Present Perfect Gap Fill

Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I __________ never __________ to Japan. (be)
2. She __________ __________ her homework. (finish)
3. We __________ __________ a lot of interesting people. (meet)
4. He __________ not __________ the video yet. (watch)
5. __________ you ever __________ Indian food? (try)
6. They __________ __________ to the moon, but they __________ not __________ to Jupiter. (be / be)
7. My brother __________ __________ three books this month. (read)
8. __________ your teacher __________ the story? (hear)
9. I __________ not __________ fish today. (eat)
10. What places __________ you __________ in your life? (visit)

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When you finish, type FINISH!

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Personal opinion question. What is it that they still haven’t found?

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Word	Meaning	Position	Example
already	sooner than expected	between have/has and past participle	I have already finished my homework.
just	a very short time ago	between have/has and past participle	She has just arrived.
yet	until now	at the end of the sentence	We haven’t eaten yet.

Type	Structure	Example
Positive with already	subject + have/has + already + past participle	They have already seen the film.
Positive with just	subject + have/has + just + past participle	He has just called me.
Negative with yet	subject + have/has not + past participle + yet	I haven’t done it yet.
Question with yet	have/has + subject + past participle + yet?	Have you finished yet?

Examples

Already

• I have already done my homework.
• She has already visited London.
• We have already watched the video.

Just

• I have just eaten.
• He has just left the room.
• They have just arrived.

Yet

• I haven’t finished yet.
• She hasn’t called yet.
• Have they arrived yet?

Quick comparison

Sentence	Meaning
I have already finished.	It is finished now, maybe sooner than expected.
I have just finished.	It finished a moment ago.
I haven’t finished yet.	It is not finished now.
Have you finished yet?	Is it finished now?

Notes

• already and just usually go in positive sentences.
• yet is common in negative sentences and questions.
• Word order: have/has + already/just + past participle

Word	Meaning	Position	Example
ever	at any time in your life / until now	usually in questions, before past participle	Have you ever visited London?
never	at no time in your life / until now	before past participle	I have never travelled by plane.

Type	Structure	Example
Question with ever	Have/Has + subject + ever + past participle?	Have you ever eaten sushi?
Positive meaning with never	subject + have/has + never + past participle	She has never seen snow.

Examples with ever

• Have you ever been to Italy?
• Has he ever tried Indian food?
• Have they ever watched this film?
• Have you ever met a famous person?

Examples with never

• I have never visited Japan.
• She has never flown in a plane.
• We have never seen that video.
• He has never eaten fish.

Quick comparison

Sentence	Meaning
Have you ever visited Paris?	I am asking about any time in your life.
I have never visited Paris.	At no time in my life have I visited Paris.

Notes

• ever is very common in questions.
• never gives a negative meaning, but the verb stays in the positive form.
• We do not usually say: I haven’t never been there.
• Correct: I have never been there.

Compare

• Have you ever been to the moon?
• No, I have never been to the moon.

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The Coffee Hero

Raj has just prepared a cup of coffee, and he looks very proud. He says this is not ordinary coffee. It is “the best coffee in the world.” He has already put in milk, sugar, and a little chocolate. He has just carried the cup to the sofa like a waiter in a five-star hotel.

He sits down, smiles, and takes a photo of the coffee. He has already sent the photo to three friends. One friend writes, “Have you ever made coffee for other people, or is it only for yourself?” Raj laughs because he has never made coffee for ten people, but he has made it for his family.

Then he takes his first drink and suddenly stops. He looks into the cup again. He hasn’t added the coffee yet. He has only prepared hot milk with sugar and chocolate.

Now Raj is standing in the kitchen again. He hasn’t finished his “best coffee in the world” yet, but he has already learned one important lesson: first coffee, then photos.

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Raj and the Coffee Hero

Comprehension

True or False

1. Raj has just prepared tea.
2. Raj has already sent a photo to three friends.

Choose the correct answer
3. Raj says his drink is
a) the strongest coffee in the world
b) the best coffee in the world
c) the cheapest coffee in the world

4. Raj has never made coffee for
   a) his family
   b) ten people
   c) his friends

Answer the questions
5. What has Raj put in the cup?
6. What important lesson has Raj learned?

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Fill in the blanks

Complete the sentences with the correct words.

1. Raj has just __________ a cup of coffee.
2. He has already put in milk, sugar, and a little __________.
3. He has just carried the cup to the __________.
4. He has already sent the photo to three __________.
5. Raj has never made coffee for __________ people.
6. He hasn’t added the __________ yet.
7. He hasn’t finished his “best coffee in the world” __________.
8. He has already learned one important __________.

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Scrambled Sentences

Put the words in the correct order.

1. has / Raj / just / prepared / coffee / a
2. already / he / has / milk / added
3. has / he / just / the photo / sent
4. have / you / ever / made / coffee / for ten people
5. Raj / has / never / made / coffee / for ten people
6. he / added / hasn’t / the coffee / yet
7. finished / he / hasn’t / his coffee / yet
8. has / already / he / learned / a lesson

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Present Perfect Transformations

Change these sentences to the negative and the question form.

1. Raj has prepared a cup of coffee.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
2. He has added milk and sugar.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
3. Raj has sent the photo to his friends.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
4. He has made coffee for his family.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
5. Raj has learned an important lesson.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
6. They have watched the video.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
7. We have been to the moon.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
8. She has finished her story.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
9. I have eaten fish today.
   Negative: __________________________
   Question: __________________________
10. You have visited many places.
    Negative: __________________________
    Question: __________________________

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